Pediatric ovarian torsion is a rare but important surgical emergency, as loss of the ovary can have Long-term consequences to fertility [1], [2]. Ovarian torsion is often associated with adnexal cysts [3], and torsion of the cyst and or the ovary itself leads to presenting symptoms. Other risk factors associated with ovarian torsion include pregnancy and tubal sterilization, although both are very rare [3]. All of these risk factors are extremely rare in premenarchal patients. Overall, the clinical presentations of ovarian torsion are nonspecific, most commonly as lower abdominal pain and vomiting, making it a diagnostic challenge.

Abdominal pain is a common pediatric presentation to the emergency department. There is a long list of differentials including surgical diagnoses (e.g., appendicitis) and medical causes (e.g., viral gastroenteritis). Most children have self-limiting conditions [4], and clinical observations with analgesia are widely accepted for children presenting with nonspecific abdominal pain. It requires the treating clinician to have high index of suspicion of ovarian torsion to ensure the appropriate investigations and management are carried out in a timely manner.

Imaging, in particular ultrasound, plays an important role in diagnosing ovarian pathologies in female patients—it is especially essential if ovarian torsion is suspected. In the pediatric population, ultrasound is an essential diagnostic tool as children cannot communicate effectively with clinicians [1].

An otherwise healthy 9-year-old girl presented to Emergency Department with a six day history of intermittent left sided abdominal and flank pain, associated with vomiting. She was treated for a urinary tract infection with cephalexin three days prior by her family doctor. She reported no change in her bowel habits, and that she was systemically well.

On examination, she was afebrile and all her vitals were within normal ranges. She had mild tenderness over her left iliac fossa without guarding. She was able to ambulate within the Emergency Department without difficult; however, she reported significant pain even at rest.

There was low suspicion of an acute surgical abdomen following assessment of this patient. An initial diagnosis of renal colic was made. The patient had a normal urinary dipstick done at the bedside, and all of her blood test results came back normal including inflammatory markers. A nonurgent renal tract ultrasound was requested after consulting the senior Emergency Physician. The ultrasound was done in a timely fashion— two hours from the time of triage, which showed a bulky left ovary without blood flows (Figure 1). The sonographer informed the emergency team as well as the acute general surgical unit promptly after scanning the patient.

Following assessment by the on call surgical registrar, the patient was taken to theatre after informed consent obtained from patient’s mother for diagnostic laparoscopy plus or minus oophorectomy. Additionally alpha fetoprotein level was negative.

Intraoperatively, the patient was found to have a black left ovary that appeared compromised, with moderate amount of fluid in the pelvis (Figure 2). Laparoscopic detorsion was carried out and some regional color return was noted. Importantly, no malignant mass or cysts were noted on either ovaries.

The patient recovered well postoperatively, and was discharged with simple oral analgesia.

She was reviewed in outpatient clinic at two weeks postoperatively for wound check and then again six weeks with a repeat ultrasound. Ultrasound showed multiple follicles on both ovaries, and there was normal vascular flow within the left ovary.

Ovarian torsion is a rare presentation in the pediatric population [5]. A 10-year retrospective review of children (0–19 years) diagnosed with ovarian torsion at a single academic center reported incidence of 0.02% [6]; the incidence is much lower in premenarchal girls as the median age of menarche is 12 years. Although traditionally ovarian torsion is considered a postmenarchal problem, a recent retrospective cohort study [7] reported similar frequency of presentation in premenarchal and postmenarchal female patients. In particular, ovarian torsion in premenarchal girls could occur without presence of ovarian cysts.

A diagnosis of ovarian torsion is challenging due to the nonspecific symptoms and clinical signs that would mimic other abdominal conditions, such as appendicitis. A systematic review was done in 2016 to look for prediction signs of ovarian torsion. It included 14 retrospective publications, involving 663 episodes of ovarian torsion. The review reported that sudden onset of abdominal pain with nausea and/or vomiting is the most frequent presenting symptoms of ovarian torsion [8]. From the review of literature, they concluded that it is difficult to evaluate abdominal pain in pediatric population, and it was not possible to develop a diagnostic algorithm [8].

Given that patients’ clinical presentation and examination findings are nonspecific, imaging plays a key role in diagnosis [9]. In particular, ultrasound has better sensitivity picking up ovarian torsion compared to computed tomography (CT) scan (79% vs 42.2%) [8]. One study was done to analyze ultrasound determinants of adnexal torsion in children and adolescents reported that accuracy of ultrasound diagnosis was 80% with sensitivity of 90.8% and specificity of 68.7% [10]. In adult patients, ultrasound is frequently used in assessing female patients with acute lower abdominal pain. Its diagnostic value should not be ignored in pediatric population. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is superior to CT due to its excellent soft tissue contrast and lack of ionizing radiation. However, the accessibility and availability of MRI is restricted in most health services.

While many pediatric patients with abdominal pain have self-resolving conditions, ovarian torsion is a time critical diagnosis that requires high index of suspicion to ensure timely treatment. Compared to testicular torsion, there is a significant delay in diagnosis and definitive treatment in ovarian torsion [6]. Boys with testicular torsion tend to have expedited management, and operative exploration is often carried out without radiologic investigations. Some advocate liberal use of diagnostic laparoscopy in girls with suspected ovarian torsion [6]. However intra-abdominal surgeries carry significant perioperative risks including anesthetic risks. With relatively high sensitivity of ultrasound in diagnosing ovarian torsion, we would recommend more liberal use of ultrasound in investigating girls presenting with abdominal pain especially those with associated vomiting.

In terms of management for ovarian torsion, oophorectomy was the standard practice; however, conservative management with ovary preservation surgery is the mainstay of current practice [11], [12], [13]. When patients were followed up after laparoscopic detorsion, 28 of 29 patients showed follicles on the affected side at eight months of follow-up [14]. An update on the management of ovarian torsion, that was done in 2015, reported that role of oophoropexy is still controversial [11]. Some reported that oophoropexy may be necessary following detorsion given the risk of recurrence [15]; however, a case series reported that recurrence may still occur after oophoropexy [16]. Current literature supports laparoscopic detorsion as a safe and effective treatment for ovarian torsion, long-term benefits especially reproductive function and outcome need to be determined for the role of oophoropexy.

Ovarian torsion in premenarchal girls is rare. Accurate diagnosis requires high index of suspicion as its clinical presentation is nonspecific. Ultrasound is a useful and important diagnostic stool. In general, detorsion without oophorectomy leads to satisfying outcome.